Plant Productions - Articles in Press

Research Paper

Impact of intensive, sustainable and organic agriculture systems of grain yield and energy use efficiency in sesame, mung bean and corn crops

aram gorooei; amir aynehband; afraseyab rahnama

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2020

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.32356.1871

Abstract

Background and objective: Duo to limited natural resources and undesirable effect of misuse of different energy source on both human and environment healthy, it seems their study the ... Read More Background and objective: Duo to limited natural resources and undesirable effect of misuse of different energy source on both human and environment healthy, it seems their study the patterns of energy consumption on agriculture will necessary. In addition, study of energy trend in environmental impact of agriculture activity (Baran and Gokdogan, 2017; Ozkan et al, 2004). Materials and methods: This study was conducted at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during the summer of 2018. Statistic design was split-plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main factor was agriculture production systems including: 1- intensive (all inputs including fertilizer, herbicide, and pesticide were chemical). 2- Sustainable (management of this system farming was the combination of both the organic and intensive systems) 3- organic (In this system farming, all inputs were organic and biological, and haven't used chemical fertilizers and poisons, control of weeds were mechanical). the sup-plot was three crops including corn (cereal), mung bean (legume) and sesame (oil seed). In this research, all input and output energy equivalent was measured, also, energy efficiency indices were calculated. Results: Results showed that grain yield of all three crops including corn, mung bean and sesame was the highest in conventional and the lowest in organic system. lowest (1.18) and highest (3.69) energy efficiency was belonged to intensive sesame and organic corn, respectively. We have found that Highest (34396.34 MJha-1) and lowest (8247 MJ ha-1) input belonged to intensive corn and organic mung bean, respectively. Energy intensive corn had the Highest (59649) net energy index but this index in sesame was the highest level (7032) at organic production systems. On the other hand, organic corn yield was reduced almost 30 percent in compared with intensive corn yield. But in return, input energy organic corn than intensive corn was reduced almost 50 percent. In other words, in the production of organic corn, reducing input energy (denominator) was much more effective in determining energy efficiency than reducing output energy (numerator). This subject has made the production of organic corn has the most energy efficiency. Therefore, in organic corn reducing inputs has been more effective that output in determining energy efficiency index. The comparison of means was performed using SAS software with Duncan’s method. Conclusion: For agricultural evaluation of both different crop production systems and crops we should be consideration set of agro ecological indices according to both production history (energy use efficiency, net energy, energy productivity and special energy) and agronomic culture (human productivity, agrochemical energy and co2 emissions) in each agriculture region. Also, we must consider the combine of optimum level of both crop yield and energy status.

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Research Paper

The Effect of Heat Treatment and UV-C Radiation on Biochemical Compounds, Enzymatic Activity and Decay Rate of Thomson Novell orange fruit

Shohreh Zivdar; Naser Alemzadeh Ansari; Hossein Fereydoni; Hojjatollah Rabbani Nasab; Mohammad Hossein Razzaghi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 September 2022

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.39210.2002

Abstract

IntroductionCitrus is one of the most important horticultural products that is mainly produced in the subtropical regions of the world. Citrus fruits are susceptible to a number of ... Read More IntroductionCitrus is one of the most important horticultural products that is mainly produced in the subtropical regions of the world. Citrus fruits are susceptible to a number of fungal diseases that cause significant losses in the citrus industry in the post harvest stage. Worldwide, diseases have been primarily controlled for many years by the application of conventional fungicides. However, human health risks and environmental contamination associated with chemical residues and the proliferation of resistant strains of the pathogens are major problems associated with the continuous and widespread use of conventional post harvest fungicides. Heat and UV radiation treatments are the most common physical means used to control post harvest diseases of fresh fruits. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of UV-C radiation and Hot Air Flow (HAF) treatment on decay control and some biochemical properties in Thomson navel oranges at cold storage. Materials and MethodsIn this experiment, the effects of heat treatments (37 °C for 24 hours), UV radiation (7.92 kJ / m2) and combination treatment (HAF*UV) on the storage life of Thomson oranges were investigated. The statistical model of factorial experiment was in the form of a completely randomized design in which two factors of storage time and treatments were considered. After treatment, the fruits were stored at 5 ° C for 90 days during the storage period, the percentage of decay, fruit weight loss, and some biochemical properties and enzymatic activity were investigated. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS software and the mean data were compared using Duncan's multiple range test at a five percent probability level using MSTATC software.Results and discussion:In this study, the effect of UV-C radiation and hot air flow on the rate of decay, weight loss, biochemical characteristics and activity of a number of enzymes involved in the oxidation of Thomson Novel orange fruit was investigated.Treatments included control (no application of any treatment) radiation (UV-C radiation with an intensity of 7. 98 KJ m2), hot air (hot air 37 °C for 24 hours) and combination (UV-C + hot air) which in The four storage times of zero, 30, 60 and 90 days were examined in factorial format based on a completely randomized design. The results showed that radiation and heat treatment effectively reduced fruit rot . the lowest and highest percentage of cumulative rot was observed in the combined treatment with an average of 3.8% and the control treatment with an average of 12.7%, respectively.The control treatment and the combined treatment with the average of 5.68 and 2.94, respectively, had the highest and lowest fruit weight loss. During fruit storage, TSS, TA, TSS/TA and pH increased and TA decreased The amount of ascorbic acid in fruits treated with hot air flow with an average of 35.54 mg per 100 g of fresh material was higher than the control treatment with an average of 30.67 mg per 100 g of fresh material. Antioxidant activity increased at the beginning of the period, however, the treatments did not have a significant effect on inhibiting DPPH radical activity in fruit flesh The amount of total phenol, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity in fruit flesh under the influence of heat treatment, initially increased with the period, which the enzyme activity decreased with increasing storage time. According to the evaluated traits, heat and combination treatment succeeded in reducing the rate of rot and increasing the biochemical properties of the fruit during storage, so it can be considered as a suitable practical option.

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Research Paper - Olericulture

Improving growth, yield and quality characteristics of greenhouse tomato by using high density fish pond water

Amin Baji; Edris Shabani; Naser Alemzadeh Ansari; Mohamad Albaji

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 June 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43551.2098

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionIran ranks 11th in the world in tomato production, with more than 3 million tons produced. Therefore, providing enough water to produce this amount of product will ... Read More AbstractIntroductionIran ranks 11th in the world in tomato production, with more than 3 million tons produced. Therefore, providing enough water to produce this amount of product will be one of the challenges of the near future in the agricultural sector due to the drought problem in Iran. Reuse of fish waste in agriculture is one of the important dimensions of water resources planning. Recycling drainage water from aquaculture farms is one of the necessities because it is rich in substances that can be useful in agriculture. World population and food security is one of the most difficult challenges that most of the countries are facing, because the world population is increasing rapidly and will reach 9.6 billion people by 2050. In this situation, the food supply should increase by 70 to 100%. Considering these challenges, it is necessary to conduct applied research to make maximum use of effluents and wastewaters in the production of greenhouse products.Materials and methodsThe treatments of this experiment included 3 types of nutrient solutions (Resh nutrient solution, fish pond water and modified fish pond water) and 3 promising greenhouse tomato lines (AZ4, AZ5 and V4). The experimental design was factorial arranged in complete block design with 3 replications. At the end of the experiment, the plants were removed from the pot and the roots, leaves and stems were separated from each other. Their fresh and dry weight and the number of leaves were recorded separately for each treatment. To check yield indicators, ripe tomato fruits were harvested during the growth period, counted and weighed with a scale with an accuracy of 0.01 g. The firmness of the fruit tissue was measured by a firmness meter, and the pH and EC of the fruit extract were measured by a pH meter and an EC meter, respectively. The measurement of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll was done using a spectrophotometer in mature leaves developed according to the method suggested by Arnon (1967).Result and DiscussionThe results of this experiment showed that V4 and AZ4 cultivars had the highest stem and leaf weight compared to AZ5 cultivar. Also, the results showed that the Resh solution and modified pond water had the highest root dry weight (58 and 56 g, respectively) compared to the fish pond water treatment (47 g). The findings of this study showed that the use of Resh nutrient solution and modified pool water compared to the treatment of fish pool water increased the number of leaves of tomato plants by 23.88% and 18.69%, respectively. It seems that irrigation with modified pool water and Resh solution increases the growth and development of the plant due to the increase in the level of nutrients. The highest amount of total chlorophyll was observed in the Resh solution and modified pool water with concentrations of 2.3 and 2.2 mg/g, respectively. The results of Silva et al (2021) showed that in irrigation with fish waste, greater availability of magnesium in plant tissue increases the content of chlorophyll b in leaves and increases plant chloroplast pigments. The highest total yield was observed in cultivar V4 and in the treatments of Resh nutrient solution and modified pool water. The results showed that modified pool water had the highest EC of tomato extract (1.9 dS/m). Also, the results of the interaction effect of cultivar and nutrient solution showed that the highest fruit firmness was observed in Resh solution and fish pond water in V4 cultivar. Also, the lowest fruit firmness was observed fish pond water in AZ5 cultivar. It seems that, in the present study, the reduction of calcium absorption in fish pond water caused the reduction of firmness of tomato fruit (Kaab omeir et al., 2020).ConclusionIt seems that according to the above results, it is possible to use pool water with a high density of fish after modification and changes in the amounts of its nutrients in greenhouse tomato cultivation. Among the tested cultivars, the promising line V4 can be recommended for cultivation in the greenhouse for the use of modified fish pond water.

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Research Paper - Pomology

Investigating the effects of post-harvest application of nanocellulose/carvacrol composite coating on the physico-chemical characteristics of Physalis fruit with calyx

Leila Fereidoni; Abdollah Ehtesham Nia; Hassan mumivand; Mohamadrez Raji

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42926.2078

Abstract

IntroductionPhysalis (Physalis peruviana L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family and Its fruit is berry, round and orange in color. This fruit is climacteric and after reaching physiological ... Read More IntroductionPhysalis (Physalis peruviana L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family and Its fruit is berry, round and orange in color. This fruit is climacteric and after reaching physiological maturity, it can be harvested as a mature green. Since small fruits are consumed fresh and also because of their sensitivity to spoilage pathogens, physiological disorders. On the other hand, food safety is one of the important issues related to fresh fruits and vegetables. Most of the natural compounds are degradable and can be a safe compound for human health and the environment and an alternative to synthetic compounds. Research has shown that the incorporation of bioactive compounds such as essential oils, plant extracts and nanocomposite increases the active effect as a packaging for fruit and reduces the rate of fruit deterioration.Materials and MethodsThis research was done in the laboratory of Lorestan university (Khorramabad, 33° 26 ´N latitude and 48 °15´E longitude and at an altitude of 1148 meters above sea level). In this study, physalis fruits from Khorramabad research greenhouse, nanocellulose gel extracted from Bergan conifer pulp from Nano Novin Polymer Company, pure carvacrol by GC/MS analysis from Khorrman Pharmaceutical Company and the combination of nanocellulose with carvacrol, in The laboratory was prepared. The experiment was conducted as a factorial with two factors in the form of a complete random design with 4 replications. The first factor is the type of material in specific concentrations at nine levels (Control, Car 0.3%, Car 0.6%, CNF 0.5%, CNF 1.5%, Car 0.3+CNF 0.5%, Car 0.6+CNF 0.5%, Car 0.3+CNF 1.5%, Car 0.6+CNF 1.5% and the second factor of storage time at four levels (0, 45, 90 and 135 days). First, physalis fruits were washed with distilled water, and then the excess leaves and damaged fruits were separated. The fruits were placed in the desired suspension for 2-3 minutes. After applying the treatment, the fruits were placed in a refrigerator with a temperature of 4 degrees and a relative humidity of 90%.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the treated fruits with nanocellulose and carvacrol showed less weight loss and had higher tissue firmness. Examining the biochemical characteristics also showed the positive effect of the treatments on the desired parameters, so that the most TA and vitamin C and the least amount of acidity were obtained in the nanocellulose and nanocellulose/carvacrol combination treatments. Also, the treatments used reduced the TSS and the fruit TSS/TA, and the combined treatments had the lowest values. By creating a layer on the surface of the fruit, nanocellulose coating prevents water evaporation and reduces metabolic and respiration processes. The amount of fruit softening is directly related to the amount of decomposition of pectin compounds through the enzyme activity of methylesterase and polygalactronase during ripening. The used coatings form a thin layer on the surface of the fruit, which can reduce gas exchange and the rate of respiration. Nanocellulose/carvacrol composite coatings lead to an increase in the activity of cytochrome oxidase by reducing internal oxygen and this enzyme increases the rate of ascorbic acid decomposition. ConclusionIn general, the results of the research showed that the investigated characteristics of physalis fruit were influenced by the treatments used. As treated samples, weight loss was less, acidity, soluble solids and taste index were lower, tissue firmness, titratable acids and vitamin C were higher. According to the general results, it can be stated that the application of nanocellulose/carvacrol composite treatments, especially the Car 0.6+CNF 1.5% treatment, showed more favorable results than the application of each one alone in most features.

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Research Paper - Crops Physiology

Evaluation of Changes of Light Use Efficiency and Growth Indices of Rapeseed Cultivars under the Condition of no Irrigation and Increased Levels of Plant Density

Hana Aboodeh; Abdelmahdi Bakhshandeh; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat; SeyedAtaollah Siadat; Seyed Amir Moosavi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43064.2086

Abstract

IntroductionGrowth analysis serve a significant perspective on the yield and physiological aspects of crop plants. In the early stages of plant growth, the growth indicators, including ... Read More IntroductionGrowth analysis serve a significant perspective on the yield and physiological aspects of crop plants. In the early stages of plant growth, the growth indicators, including the leaf area index (LAI), the crop growth rate (CGR) of decreases, and then due to suitable vegetation conditions, the absorption of light radiation will be better, and the accumulation of plant dry matter also increases, and after that due to plant aging and yellowing, the number of leaves and LAI are reduced. The amount of light radiation absorbed by the plant varies during the crop growth period, which depends on the Leaf Area Index (LAI) and the arrangement of the leaves on the plant.Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted in the research farm of Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2021-2022. In this research, the effect of three factors of irrigation interruption, rapeseed genotypes and plant density was investigated in the form of factorial split with the base design of randomized complete blocks in three replications. The factor (no interruption of irrigation (control), interruption of irrigation at the beginning of flowering until the formation of 50% of the pod and interruption irrigation at the stage of pod formation until harvest the main factor, rapeseed cultivars Hayola 4815 and Aram and plant density per meter square (80, 110 and 140 plants per square meter) were considered as secondary factors.Result and DiscussionIrrigation interruption caused a decrease in growth indicators, including the amount of plant dry matter accumulation, leaf surface index, and leaf surface durability. The changes in harvest index and durability of leaf surface and accumulation of dry matter at the beginning of the development of leaves had a slow trend until a little before the appearance of inflorescences, but after that the slope of the mentioned parameters increased. During the experiment, changes in growth parameters including LAI, LAD, RGR, CGR and TDW were evaluated. At the beginning of the plant growth season, the growth rate of the product was low due to the lack of complete vegetation cover and proper light consumption efficiency. In all treatments, with the passage of time, the growth rate of the crop was gradually increasing and it reached the maximum value in the reproductive stages and then went through a decreasing process. The effects of stopping irrigation on dry weight were evident and the accumulation of dry matter was observed during the increasing time, which can be due to the increase in dry weight of stems, leaves and reproductive organs over time. Also the relative growth rate also showed an increasing trend with the increase of the leaf area index at first and then a decreasing trend.ConclusionThe highest amount of grain yield, active photosynthetic radiation and the lowest light consumption were assigned to Hayola 4815 genotype. Aram genotype had a high leaf area index and increasing the leaf area index too much in the plant causes more shading of plants on top of each other and young leaves turn into older leaves.

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Research Paper

Effect of Drought Stress on the Amount of Proline, Glycine Betaine, Carbohydrate, Phenol and Malondialdehyde Content Genotypes and Interspecific Hybrids Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

hassan farhadi; Mohammad Mehdi ُSHARIFANI; Mehdi Alizadeh; hossein hokmabadi; Sasan aliniaefard

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43029.2083

Abstract

IntroductionCross breeding processes including targeted crossings to increase tolerance, can be considered as a safe and permanent solution to reduce the harmful effects of drought ... Read More IntroductionCross breeding processes including targeted crossings to increase tolerance, can be considered as a safe and permanent solution to reduce the harmful effects of drought stress on plants. Therefore, two issues of pistachio as a strategic crop in the country and location of Iran in arid and semi-arid region necessitated research in order to achieve rootstocks drought-tolerant hybrids are necessary.Materials and methodsThe experiment was conducted as factorial based on a Completely Randomized Design with four replications in the research greenhouse of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during 2018-2019. The treatments were consisted of 10 pistachio genotype Ahmad Aghaei, Akbari, Sorkheh Hosseini, Garmeh, Fandoghi and interspecific hybrids (Ahmad Aghaei‌×Integerrima, Akbari‌×Integerrima, Sorkheh‌ Hosseini‌× Integerrima, Garmeh‌×‌Iintegerrima and Fandoghi‌×‌Integerrima) and three levels of drought including control (field capacity), mild stress (65% of field capacity) and Severe stress (30% of field capacity) were applied on 3 months old the seedlings for 84 days.Results and DiscussionAccording to the results, fandoghi genotype the highest concentration of malondialdehyde in leaves (280.23 %) and the hybrid genotypes of Sorkheh Hosseini‌×‌Integerrima, Ahmad Aghaei‌×Integerrima and Akbari‌× Integerrima respectively with the amount of 70.18, 76.70, 81.03 % in leaf the showed the least increase in malondialdehyde concentration between seedlings compared to the control. Several osmotic mechanisms are carried out by plants, especially pistachios, in stressful conditions to reduce the effects of drought stress. In fact, these mechanisms have enabled plants to withstand the damages caused by drought and have made plants able to recover their biochemical and physiological functions faster after removing the stress factor. For example, a general physiological mechanism adopted by plants to cope with abiotic stresses is the production of large amounts of low molecular weight, water-soluble, non-toxic organic compounds even in high amounts called osmolytes. One of the most important of them is proline. Therefore, the genotypes with higher amount of proline can be more tolerant to drought conditions. The next osmolyte is glycine betaine, which has a significant protective role in the stability of enzymes and the structure of plasma membranes when faced with drought stress. Therefore, glycine betaine plays a significant role in the resistance of plants to stress through the protection of enzymes, the photosynthetic apparatus, the elimination of free radicals, the preservation of membrane integrity, the protection of large molecules, and as a non-toxic compatible osmolyte. It has an environment. Carbohydrates also increase membrane stability in response to drought stress. Therefore, the accumulation of carbohydrates in the osmotic responses of plants is one of the factors that can prevent disorders in the cell membrane. In addition, phenols are also one of the antioxidant mechanisms of plants in drought stress conditions, because such compounds act as scavengers of reactive oxygen species and thus stabilize membranes. cells and prevent lipid peroxidation. Malondialdehyde is also a decomposition product of unsaturated fatty acids and hydroxides and is used as a suitable marker for lipid peroxide. Therefore, the amount of malondialdehyde obtained from the peroxidation of membrane lipids is used as an indicator for oxidative damage in most cases. ConclusionBased on the results of the present research, it seems that it is possible to use the hybrids of Sorkhe Hosseini × Integerrima, Ahmad Aghaei‌ ×‌ Integerrima, and Akbari‌× ‌Integerrima as drought-tolerant genotypes in dry areas. Therefore, based on the results of the present research, it seems that the plants in question can be used as drought tolerant genotypes in arid regions.

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Research Paper

The effect of manure and humic acid fertilizer on ions concentrations in cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) under salinity stress

Mahboobeh Sardar; Mohammad Ali Behdani; Seyd vahid Eslami; Gholam Reza Zamani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42864.2075

Abstract

Introduction: Cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) has a special position as one of the most important crops in the country. Considering that salinity stress is one of the most important stresses, ... Read More Introduction: Cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) has a special position as one of the most important crops in the country. Considering that salinity stress is one of the most important stresses, it threatens cotton production in arid and semi-arid regions of the country and the world, it is possible to reduce the adverse effects of salinity stress through application of organic fertilizers (manure and humic acid). In addition, Organic inputs can guarantee both agricultural production and nature conservation. The current approach is to employ the organic compounds like manure and humic acid (that are cost-effective and eco-friendly) as an appropriate substitute for chemical fertilizers. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out to assess the effect of manure and humic acid application on some elements accumulation and ions concentrations in cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) (cotton leaves) under salinity stress. The experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in the 2019-2020 cropping year in Beshravieh city in South Khorasan. The main plot included different levels of irrigation water salinity at three levels (2.5, 5.5 and 8.5 ds.m-1) and sub-plots consisted of a factorial combination of manure at two levels (0 and 20 t/h) and humic acid at two levels (0 and 200 gr/ 100 kg of seeds as priming). In order to measure the concentration of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) elements, it was done using a film photometer and chlorine concentration based on the method provided by Johnson and Ulrich (1995). In order to assess the cotton yield, the yield of two consecutive harvests were added together and was considered as the seed cotton yield of each experimental unit. Results and Discussion: The results of the present study illustrated that the salinity stress increased the concentration of Na+, and Cl- on cotton leaves and consequently decreased K+ concentration. The increase of salinity stress from 2.5 to 5.5 and 8.5 dS/m caused a significant concentration in yield. Manure application treatment increased Na+ (13.45%), K+ (2.67%), Cl- (18.30%) concentration in the plant leaves and seed cotton yield (13/90 %) compared to the no use of manure. Humic acid application treatment decreased Na+ (3.08%), Cl- (9.78%) concentration and increased K+ concentration (4.17%) and cotton yield (9/15 %) and improved the growth conditions compared to the treatment of no use of humic acid. The application of manure (before planting) and humic acid (as priming treatment) increased the seed cotton yield by improving the accumulation of beneficial elements in the leaves under salinity stress conditions. Conclusion: Based on the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that the application of manure and humic acid (priming) moderated the negative effects of salinity stress on plant yield. In addition, manure and humic acid can be used as an effective and alternative fertilizer in order to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers and salinity stress in hot and dry climates. Therefore, manure and humic acid (organic fertilizers) are recommended to be applied under (environmental stresses) salinity stress conditions to mitigate the effects of salt stress and obtain a greater higher yield.

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Research Paper - Agroecology

Evaluating APSIM-Barley model for different barley cultivars under water and nitrogeen stresses

Hassan Shahbazi; khosro Azizi; Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam; Solieman Mohamadi; Naser Akbari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43267.2092

Abstract

Introduction: Background: Crop simulation models provide the possibility to study the effect of agronomic management practices on agricultural production activities in a given location. ... Read More Introduction: Background: Crop simulation models provide the possibility to study the effect of agronomic management practices on agricultural production activities in a given location. The models are mechanistic and process-oriented that are able to simulate different agricultural systems (including arid and semi-arid areas such as Iran) through different sub-models (biological, environmental, managerial, and economic sub-models) connected with the main engine of the models. In order to use simulation models, these models should be evaluated under different management and climatic conditions to determine the accuracy of these models. Also, the use of these models is accompanied by the estimation of parameters or coefficients that show the characteristics of any cultivar in the model, however, the performance of a genotype in different environmental conditions, in addition to climatic factors and agricultural management, is also affected by these coefficients.The APSIM-Barley model can be used to evaluate the management practices on barley crop. The current research aimd to investigate and evaluate the APSIM-Barley model in relation to simulating the growth, development, and yield of three barley cultivars (Azaran, Jolgeh, and Bahman) under different conditions of nitrogen and irrigation supplies.Materials and methods: In order to evaluate the APSIM-Barley model regarding simulating and quantifying the phenological stages, biomass, and grain yield of different barley cultivars, some independent experiment datasets were used. For crop model calibration, an experiment was conducted in a factorial split plot design at the Agricultural Research Center of Hamedan in 2019. The main factor consisted of three irrigation levels (30-30, 60-70, and 90-100% of the field capacity) and sub-factors included cultivar levels (Azran, Jolgeh, and Bahman as early, mid, and late cultivars, respectively) and three nitrogen levels (zero, medium, and optimum). For model validation, another series of independent datasets consisting of published articles and research projects were used. For assessing the efficiency of the crop model and comparing the simulated and measured values, R2, nRMSE, d-index, and MBE indices were used and OriginPro software was considerd for all statistical analysis and drawing of figures.Results: The simulation results of APSIM-Barley model in the calibration step showed that nRMSE for days to flowering and maturity was 2.43 and 2.4%, respectively. Also, under full water and nitrogen conditions, nRMSE for the leaf area index of Azaran, Jolgeh and Bahman cultivars was 13.5, 14.1, and 10.7%, respectively, and under severe water and nitrogen stresses, it was 16.5, 18.6, and 26.5% respectively. At this step, and nRMSE and d-index for biomass and grain yield were 24.9% and 0.98 and 15.2% and 0.96, respectively. In model validation step, nRMSE, d-index, R2, MBE were 15.02%, 0.96, 0.82 and 0.34 t ha-1, respectively, for grain yield. Conclusion: In general, the results showed that the APSIM-Barley model was able to simulate the growth, development, and grain yield of different barley cultivars with acceptable accuracy under different water and nitrogen management conditions in different years and regions. Therefore, the APSIM-Barley model can be used as a reliable tool in future studies such as climate change assessment, yield gap analysis, agricultural zoning, and etc. by other researchers.

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Research Paper - Tissue Culture

Effect of Proline Nanocomposite Coated with Chitosan and Moderate Salinity Stress on in vitro Microtuberization of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Agria

roghayeh ghasemi; alireza motallebiazar; sima panahirad; amin jahanian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43532.2097

Abstract

Introduction: In recent years, the application of nanoparticles has been used successfully in plant tissue culture, which has a tremendous impact on the removal of microbial contamination ... Read More Introduction: In recent years, the application of nanoparticles has been used successfully in plant tissue culture, which has a tremendous impact on the removal of microbial contamination of the explant through the use of these materials and also the positive role of these materials in callus formation, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, somaclonal variation and production of secondary metabolites. Proline is a proteogenic amino acid that accumulates as a useful solvent in plants under both stress and non-stress conditions. Recent discoveries indicate that proline plays an important role in plant growth and differentiation throughout the life cycle. Chitosan was found to enhance secondary metabolite production in cell suspensions and calli of various species applied in micropropagation, chitosan could improve plantlet quality in vitro, in consequence facilitating the subsequent acclimatization of plantlets to ex vitro conditions. The aim of this work was to investigate whether the in vitro application of nanocomposite and moderate salinity can improve microtuberization.Materials and Methods: After the cultivation, the jars containing the explants were transferred to the growth chamber under absolute darkness and at a temperature of 18±2°C. The cultures were kept in these conditions for 4 months without sub culturing the samples for this purpose. MS medium containing 80 g of sucrose, containing proline at concentrations of 20 and 40 mg L-1, chitosan at a concentration of 240 mg L-1, proline 20 and chitosan 240 mg L-1, proline 40 and chitosan 240 mg L-1, 120 mg L-1, proline nanocomposite coated with chitosan 120 and 240 mg L-1 and control treatment, as well as non-salinity treatments with the same compounds and concentrations mentioned for salinity were cultured. Factorial experiment was conducted base on a completely randomized design with three replications on single nude explants of mentioned cultivar.Results and Discussion: The results of this study show that moderate salinity has a significant effect on the first, second, third and last month of microtuberization. (in 1% level). The results of the comparison of mean microtuber yield showed that the highest yield was obtained when 240 mg of chitosan was treated with 20 mg / l of proline at moderate salinity with an average weight of 210 mg. Moreover, a concentration of 20 mg / l proline alone in moderate salinity was not sufficient to stimulate microtubers., but a concentration of 40 mg L-1 proline in mild salinity was satisfactory. According to the results of this study, it can be suggested that the use of chitosan compounds with proline and the use proline nanocomposite coated with chitosan with moderate salinity can be used to produce suitable microtuberization in the in vitro conditions of potatoes. In order to prove our results with the results of previous researchers, the results of chitosan application experiment on the growth and yield of miniature showed that application of 500 mg L-1 chitosan produced minituber weighing more than 1.5 g per seedling. Chitosan increased other traits including number of minituber per seedling, number of leaves per seedling and seedling length (Asghari-Zakaria et al., 2009). In the study of the effect of cobalt nanoparticles on the morphological characteristics of Santana cultivar in vitro, it was observed that the presence of cobalt nanoparticles caused the formation of microtubers faster, also the maximum size and function of microtubers from the combination of 2.5 mg. Cobalt nanoparticles with 80 g L-1 sucrose were obtained (Hamza, 2019).Conclusions: In this experiment, proline nanocomposite coated with chitosan was successfully synthesized and according to the obtained results, it can be used in plant tissue culture and in vitro microtuberization. In the field of potato microtuberization, the use of nanocomposite showed a significant increase in the number of microtubers compared to the control, which showed a significant effect in the late stages of microtuberization. Also, the use of moderate salinity with treatment nanocomposite is effective for stimulating microtuberization, which increases microtubers yield. Based on the results of this experiment, a concentration of 120 mg L-1 proline nanocomposite coated with chitosan is a more suitable concentration for potato microtuberization.

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Research Paper

Evaluation of the fruit quality of Fukumoto, Navelate and Thomson Novel orange cultivars on Citrumelo and C-35 rootstocks

Javad Fattahi Moghadam; Seyedeh Elham Seyedghasemi; Negin Akhlaghi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43862.2102

Abstract

Introduction: It is important to attend the physical and biochemical characteristics of the fruit, especially in newly introduced cultivars that may be unknown to the consumer. Nutritive ... Read More Introduction: It is important to attend the physical and biochemical characteristics of the fruit, especially in newly introduced cultivars that may be unknown to the consumer. Nutritive compounds in fruit are usually influenced by variety, rootstock and post-harvest conditions. In this article, the results related to the evaluation of the fruit quality of three varieties of oranges on two rootstocks have been examined at harvest time and during storage.Materials and methods: Fruit of Thomson Novel, Fukumoto, and Navelate oranges on two rootstocks including Swingle Citrumelo and Citrange C-35 were harvested when TSS/TA reached about 6.5-7. Fruits were evaluated at the harvest time and then stored in cool storage (5oC, RH=85%) for 60 days. The fruit quality were checked on the 30th and 60th days of storage for two years. Characteristics evaluation were including fruit lenght, width, thickness; arithmetic, geometric, equivalent and harmonic means; fruit aspect ratio, sphericity, surface area, true volume, apparent volume, volume error, density, weight, weight loss, peel thickness, juice percentage, peel color indices (L*, a*, b*, hue angle, chroma and CCI), total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), technological index (TI), total phenol, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity and organoleptic evaluation. Results: The fruit of Navelate orange on Citrumelo rootstock and Fukumoto orange on C-35 rootstock had smaller physical characteristics than Thomson Novel. In all treatments, the shape of the fruit was balanced and without elongation or indentation. The fruit of Navelate on Citrumelo (aspect ratio: 96.96) was slightly elongated. Navelate variety on C-35 produced larger and heavier fruit similarly Thomson fruit. The volume error in Fukumoto and Navelate varieties and on both rootstocks was less than the control. At the time of harvest, the fruit of the Fukumoto had a thicker peel (more than 4 mm) on both rootstocks than the other cultivars. The amount of juice percentage was not significantly different than control at harvest time, but at the end of storage, the fruit of Navelate on the C-35 had the lowest (35.73%) of juice percentage. Fukumoto and Navelate fruits on both rootstocks had higher TI index than Thomson at harvest time. The TSS at harvest time was the lowest (9.22 and 9.78 respectively) only in the fruits of Thomson and Navelate on Citrumelo rootstock. Navelate and Thomson fruits had higher TA on C-35 rootstock. In all treatments, the amount of TA decreased during storage. Fukumoto fruit on C-35 had the highest TSS/TA ratio, which was preserved during storage. The fruit of Navelate had a lower TSS/TA level at the harvest time on both rootstocks (7.12 and 7.5). At the time of harvest, the average ascorbic acid in all three cultivars on C-35 rootstock was higher than the same cultivars on Citrumelo rootstock. The value of a*, hue angle, and CCI of the skin of Navelate orange with a negative value were different from the other cultivars on Citrumelo and C-35 rootstocks (-1.12 and -0.61 respectively). The antioxidant capacity of Fukumoto fruit was 43.99% on Citrumelo and 62.12% on C-35 rootstock at the harvest time. The amount of antioxidant capacity and total phenol increased during storage. The organoleptic evaluation showed that the Fukumoto as Thomson, scored better in relations to peel and pulp appearance, sourness, aroma and taste than the fruit of the same cultivars on the C-35 rootstock. Navelate fruit produced higher score in terms of taste and sweetness (7) on Citrumelo rootstock than C-35 (6) rootstock.Conclusion: Based on the TSS/TA ratio, it was determined that Fukumoto and Navelate oranges are early and late ripening respectively. Citrumelo rootstock increased late ripening in Navelate fruit and contrary C-35 rootstock increased early ripening in Fukumoto fruit. According to the a* and CCI indices, the Navelate fruits did not have suitable coloring at the time of harvest, and Citrumelo rootstock delayed the color change of the fruit skin. In general, the organoleptic characteristics of the fruit on C-35 were better than Citrumelo. Finally, it seems that the combination of Navelate/C-35 is more suitable than Navelate/Citrumelo. Fukumoto/C-35 combination is suitable for having early ripening fruit.

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Research Paper - Agronomy

Evaluation of Wheat and Rapeseed Yield Gap Using Boundary Line Analysis (BLA) in Khoramshahr

hamid matourian; aydin khodaei joghan; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat; SeyedAtaollah Siadat; Benjamin Torabi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 December 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43754.2101

Abstract

IntroductionFood security is one of the most important challenges facing humankind. Therefore improving crop yields are essential to meet the increasing pressure of global food demands. ... Read More IntroductionFood security is one of the most important challenges facing humankind. Therefore improving crop yields are essential to meet the increasing pressure of global food demands. The loss of high-quality lands, increasing fertilizer use, and its effect on the environment indicate that we need to develop new strategies to increase grain yields with less impact on the environment. One strategy that could help address this concern is by narrowing the yield gaps using improved management. Therefore, the present study was conducted in khoramshahr region for recognition of best management practices, percentage of the affected fields, estimation of wheat and rapeseed yield potential and gaps using boundary line analysis.Materials and MethodsTo quantify the production and estimation of wheat and rapeseed yield gap in Khoramshahr, Farm management information of 60 wheat fields and 57 rapeseed fields in the years 2018-2019 were collected. This information was collected through continuous farm monitoring during the growing season as along with face to face interviews with the farmers. Farms were selected by consulting with agricultural service centers expert in Khoramshahr districts. Based on the available information at the service centers, only farms, which is different in terms of acreage, cultural practices and harvesting operations were selected. In this study, by plotting the distribution of the yield obtained in each field as the dependent variable against the independent variables (crop management activities), using SAS software and an appropriate function was fitted on the upper edge of the data distribution.Results and Discussion.Using this boundary line analysis method, the average yield, attainable yield and yield gap of wheat were obtained as 3740, 5455 and 1715 kg per hectare respectively. The yield gap percentage in wheat was 31.5% and rapeseed was 48%, which indicates the high effectiveness of wheat and rapeseed in relation to the use of appropriate management methods. The analysis of the investigated data in wheat fields showed that in order to achieve the achievable yield, 258 kg per hectare of seeds, the use of Mehrgan variety, the planting date until October 24, the amount of 280 kg per hectare of nitrogen fertilizer, the consumption of at least 100 Phosphorus fertilizer per hectare was at least 6 kg with irrigation and consumption of at least 70 kg of potassium fertilizer. Also, according to the frontier line analysis, the average yield of rapeseed farmers is 1663 kg, they can achieve a yield of 3197 kg per hectare by improving crop management, and for this purpose, the following measures should be taken into account: 1) consuming a maximum of seven kilograms of seeds per hectare 2) Planting date up to 17 November 3) Use of at least 300 kg of nitrogen fertilizer 4) At least 42 kg of phosphorus fertilizer 5) Use of Hyola 50 variety.ConclusionIn this study by examining several important management factors in growing wheat and rapeseed, optimal requirements of each factor to achieve the highest yield was determined by boundary analysis. In addition, the percentage of farms that had poor management as well as wheat and rapeseed yield potential and gaps in Khoramshahr. Yield responses to management practices were evaluated and studied by means of borderline analysis. Best management practices could be devised using study findings to realize the highest yield potential.

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Research Paper - Seed Sciences

The effect of different culture media and aerial root pruning on the growth of Papaya (Carica papaya)

mohammad kazemi; Elham Danaee

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 January 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44549.2118

Abstract

IntroductionPapaya (Carica papaya) is a tropical fruit that leaves, fruits, seeds and roots has many medicinal and edible uses. Choosing the appropriate planting medium is one of the ... Read More IntroductionPapaya (Carica papaya) is a tropical fruit that leaves, fruits, seeds and roots has many medicinal and edible uses. Choosing the appropriate planting medium is one of the important goals in improving seedling growth of fruit trees, because by improving the physical and chemical properties, it causes better absorption of nutrients and improves plant growth. Also, performing aerial root pruning to produce seedlings with branched and strong root systems is one of the effective factors in growing plants.Materials and methodsTo study the effect of different culture media and aerial root pruning on the growth of Papaya (Carica papaya), an experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized statistical design with three replications and two factors of planting media (cocopeat 100% , peat mass 100% , and cocopeat 70% + perlite 30% , peat moss 70% + perlite 30%) and performing or not performing aerial root pruning was implemented in the greenhouse. The seeds were sown in October in the culture trays containing the desired planting beds, and horizontal cuts were made in the walls of the culture tray cavities to perform aerial pruning of the roots in the desired treatments. Sampling was done 50 days after planting the seeds and some morphologic, physiologic and biochemical traits include fresh and dry weight of seedlings, root length, seedling height, internode length, node number, leaf area, total chlorophyll, peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activity were analyzed.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the treatments had a significant effect on the assessed traits so that the highest fresh and dry weight of seedlings (1.69 - 0.66 g), root length (17.66 cm), seedling height (7.92 cm), internode length (8.61 mm) and node number (4.67) were observed in 70% peat moss + 30% perlite and no aerial root pruning. The maximum leaf area (9.14 cm3) and total chlorophyll (1.69 mg g-1 FW) content were obtained in the 100% peat moss planting bed treatment and no aerial root pruning and the 70% peat moss + 30 % perlite treatment and root aerial pruning. The highest activity of peroxidase (37.60 U enzyme-1 FW), catalase (7.60 U enzyme-1 FW) and superoxide dismutase (16.08 U enzyme-1 FW) enzymes was also in 100 % peat moss treatment and root aerial pruning. ConclusionIn general, the results of this research showed that the combination of two organic and inorganic substrates, peat mass 70% and perlite 30%, showed the best effect on vegetative characteristics and total chlorophyll content in papaya. Also, the highest activity of peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes was observed in 100% peat moss bed. Root aerial pruning also decreased the evaluated growth characteristics and increased the total chlorophyll content and activity of peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes. According to the results, Different culture media have different physical and chemical characteristics that can affect plant growth, in this research it is recommended to papaya seeds in 70% peat moss and 30% perlite and not to perform aerial root pruning to produce this product.

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Research Paper - Post Harvest Physiology

The effect of foliar application of nutrients and fruit cover on quality traits and some diseases of oranges (Thomson Novel)

Babak Jamshidi; Leila Pourhosseini; Mahmoud Reza Ramezanpour; Seyed Vahid Alavi; Amir Lashgari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 January 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45279.2133

Abstract

IntroductionIncreasing the shelf life of oranges after harvesting while maintaining its quality is of particular importance, and providing solutions to prevent waste and increase the ... Read More IntroductionIncreasing the shelf life of oranges after harvesting while maintaining its quality is of particular importance, and providing solutions to prevent waste and increase the shelf life of this fruit while maintaining its quality is very important. Citrus fruits in Iran have the highest production of tree products with the production of more than 4 million tons, in the country. Mazandaran province (North of Iran), contains about 50% of orange orchards of Iran, which first ranks in orange production and the cultivated area of this product in the country. Plant nutrition is very important and the use of potassium nitrate, potassium phosphide and calcium nitrate can increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of oranges. The use of wax coating increases the shelf life of vehicles in the warehouse, on the other hand, it improves their appearance quality.Material and MethodsThis two year research (2019-2021) was carried out in factorial form in the form of randomized complete block design in three replications in Mazandaran, Iran, on oranges of Thomson Novel variety. Research treatments included nutritional treatments on the tree at 4 levels: control, calcium nitrate foliar spraying (2 mg.l-1), potassium nitrate foliar spraying (3 mg.l-1), potassium phosphide foliar spraying (3 mg.l-1). The second factor was 9 storage coating treatments: control, Nylon, Deco wax (based on petroleum polyethylene), Xeda wax (with natural carnauba gum base), Poshan Emulsion Wax (with paraffin base), Deco wax+ Rural TS fungicide (2 mg.l-1), wax remover + Rural TS fungicide (2 mg.l-1), Poshan emulsion wax + Rural TS fungicide (2 mg.l-1), and nylon + Rural TS fungicide (2 mg.l-1). Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the nutritional treatments as well as the coating treatments increased the yield and quality of oranges. The highest fruit weight in 45 days and 90 days after storage was seen in the interaction of Rural TS fungicide + nylon + potassium nitrate which was the same statistic group with interaction of Rural TS fungicide treatments + nylon + potassium phosphide, interaction of Xeda wax + potassium nitrate, interaction of Xeda wax + potassium phosphide and also interaction of nylon + potassium phosphide. Rural TS fungicide + nylon as well as Xeda wax increased the traits studied in this research and also improved the quantitative and qualitative performance of oranges compared to other treatments. Therefore, it is recommended to apply potassium phosphide and potassium nitrate treatments along with nylon and Xeda wax. In addition, the application of rural TS 2 fungicide in thousand decreased the diseases and the percentage of decay along with the wax coating treatments compared to the control. The improvement of fruit yield and quality can be attributed to the effect of potassium on the entry of carbohydrates or the synthesis of plant regulators in young fruits. Fruit coatings with wax can effectively maintain the quality of these perishable materials after harvesting and increase their useful life. In another research on Valencia oranges, using different commercial wax coatings, it was observed that the coating Wax-containing helped preserve the appearance of fruits compared to other coatings.ConclusionThe use of applied coatings by reducing the amount of decay and diseases has kept the consumer's acceptance of orange fruits in storage for a longer period of time and increased the appearance quality of oranges in storage conditions, but among the applied treatments, rural fungicide treatment TS 2 ppm + Xeda wax increased the traits studied in this research and also improved the quantitative and qualitative yield of oranges compared to other treatments. Therefore, it is recommended to apply potassium phosphide and potassium nitrate treatments along with Xeda wax.

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Research Paper - Agronomy

The role of foliar application of plant-derived smoke on yield and growth characteristics of wheat (TriticumaestivumL.)

Saeid Jalali Honarmand; Amene Akbarzade sharafi; Hamidreza Chaghazardi; Mohammad Eghbal Ghobadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 February 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44408.2114

Abstract

Introduction Food security concerns have necessitated the increase in agricultural production due to the ever-increasing world population, projected to exceed 9.6 billion people by ... Read More Introduction Food security concerns have necessitated the increase in agricultural production due to the ever-increasing world population, projected to exceed 9.6 billion people by 2050. It has been reported that various physicochemical contents of plants are increased by the solution of plant smoke. The biologically active compounds of smoke are soluble in water and in very low concentrations, they cause significant physiological responses in plants. These compounds can be used in the form of aqueous extract under the name of water smoke, by designing a device based on previous research in this field. Through various studies, it has been reported that the smoke enhancing activity is due to the presence of karrikin compounds ( KARs ). the burning of plant residues (smoke-water) can mimic the action of phytohormones in regulating plant growth and differentiation and act as a quasi-phytohormone. Materials and methods This research was carried out in a factorial experiment in base of randomized complete blocks design ( RCBD ) in three replications in the research farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, in the crop years 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. The factors included irrigated wheat cultivars ( Mihan and Sirvan ) and foliar application with a concentration of one liter per hectare in the phenological growth stages of wheat at eleven levels including no application ( control ), application in the stages of double ridge, second node detectable, ear emergence, anthesis, double ridge + second node detectable, double ridge + ear emergence, double ridge + anthesis, second node detectable + ear emergence, second node detectable + anthesis, ear emergence + anthesis. The studied traits in this research include seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, seed per spike, 1000-seed weight, seed filling duration and seed filling speed. Result and discussion The results of this study showed that the maximum seed filling speed in foliar application at the stage of second node detectable was average ( 1.38 mg. day-1 ) in both Mihan and Sirvan cultivars, and the maximum weight of 1000-seed weight ( 48.93 grams ) in Mihan cultivar in foliar application at the stage of ear emergence was obtained, also foliar application in the stage of double ridge + second node detectable had the highest harvest index with average ( 45.79 percent ) and seed filling duration with average ( 48.51 days ) All of which were in the Mihan cultivar. Foliar application in the stages of double ridge + second node detectable and anthesis caused the highest seed yield with average ( 6.02 t. ha-1 ). The maximum number of seeds per spike with average (55.83) and biological yield with average ( 15.61 t. ha-1 ) was related to foliar application at the stage of double ridge + ear emergence in Mihan cultivar. Conclusion Smoke water has the necessary potential to increase the quantity of wheat. If the results of this research are confirmed in other researches, it can be recommended to use water smoke as a practical and low-cost technology, especially for poor farmers in developing countries. Key word Growth Regulator, Harvest Index, Karrikin , Seed Filling Speed.

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Research Paper - Industrial Crops

Quantitative and qualitative performance evaluation of new hybrids of sugar beet in Nair climatic conditions

Farhad Sanaii Niiri; salim farzaneh; Ali Asghari; Seyede Yalda Raeisi Sadati; Abazar Rajabi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 February 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45256.2131

Abstract

Introduction: Today, after about 200 years of sugar beet history, about 40% of the sucrose needed by humans is supplied through this crop. Ardabil province with the production of 145,000 ... Read More Introduction: Today, after about 200 years of sugar beet history, about 40% of the sucrose needed by humans is supplied through this crop. Ardabil province with the production of 145,000 tons, 1.8% of the country's sugar beet is produced in Ardabil province. During the growing season, sugar beet is attacked by various pests and pathogens. In Iran, infection with various bacterial, nematode, fungal (especially rhizoctonia) and viral diseases, including rhizomania, has been reported. Pathogens of sugar beet leaves and roots are among the factors that affect the quantity and quality of sugar beet products and in many cases hinder development and even cause the cultivation of this product is limited. Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate different quantitative and qualitative traits of sugar beet (20 genotypes) of sugar beet in Moghan research farm using a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017-2018. For this study, 20 sugar beet monogerm hybrids produced in Ardabil Agricultural Research Station along with 9 paternal and maternal parents were used. Results: The results of analysis of variance showed that the percentages of green field cover percentage, plant number, leaf length, petiole length, root diameter and sodium and potassium content at 5% probability level and leaf width, total root number and branch traits were significant differences at 1% probability level among genotypes. Also the nitrogen content, alkalinity coefficient, alkali content, molasses sugar content, gross sugar yield, net sugar yield, root yield and vegetable-yolk score were significant differences at 1% probability level. Mean comparisons showed that number of plants in genotype with number 17 and leaf parameters were in genotype with number15 and 20 the highest leaf length and width, respectively. The highest petiole length belonged to genotypes 9 and 16 and the maximum root diameter was obtained from genotype 10. In terms of total root number, genotypes with numbers 11 and 13 were significantly higher than other genotypes, and genotype 7 produced the highest number of branched roots. In this experiment, the highest (13.7%) contamination was observed in genotype 9 and the lowest was in genotypes 10 and 12. Sodium and potassium levels were highest in genotype 15, while genotype 20 had the highest amount of harmful nitrogen. In terms of alkalinity coefficient, genotype 3 had the highest rate, whereas genotype 15 had the highest percentage of molasses sugar. The highest gross sugar, pure sugar and root yield were obtained from genotype 12 (10.69, 8.193 and 85.59 ton / ha, respectively) and the lowest values belonged to genotype 3. Conclusions: There was a significant positive relationship between root diameter and percentage of pure and gross sugars, pure and gross sugar yield and root yield. The relationship between sodium content and potassium and molasses sugar content was positive and significant, with a negative and significant correlation with the percentage of pure and gross sugar and extraction coefficient. Correlated nitrogen showed a significant negative correlation with alkalinity. The alkalinity coefficient showed a negative and significant correlation with the percentage of pure and gross sugars. The percent of molasses sugar was negatively and significantly correlated with extraction coefficient.

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Research Paper

Investigation of flowering and some physico-biochemical characteristics of French parsley (Tagetes patula L.) under salinity stress conditions and application of silver nanoparticles

Khatoun Behzad; Abdollah Ehtesham Nia; Mohamadreza Raji; Hasan MUmivand; Majid Alikhani Koupaei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 February 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45252.2130

Abstract

Introduction Salinity stress leads to ion toxicity and osmotic stress. Salinity stress through the osmotic mechanism, due to the reduction of the osmotic potential of the soil solution, ... Read More Introduction Salinity stress leads to ion toxicity and osmotic stress. Salinity stress through the osmotic mechanism, due to the reduction of the osmotic potential of the soil solution, causes disturbances in transpiration and photosynthesis. The mechanism of action of ionic toxicity is also related to ion absorption and changes in physiological processes caused by toxicity, deficiency or change in the balance of mineral elements. In the last decade, the tendency to use metal nanoparticle compounds in agriculture and horticultural sciences has become popular. Researchers believe that silver nanoparticles are absorbed faster by plants due to their small size and high solubility, and therefore, by using these materials, optimal conditions for plant growth are created and any stress conditions are prevented in the plant. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted in 2021 in the greenhouse of Horticultural Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture located in Khorram Abad city, Lorestan province. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in the form of a completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor includes salinity treatment at four levels (0, 25, 50 and 100 mM NaCl, respectively equivalent to 0.067, 2.450, 5.440 and 9.520 ds/m) and the second factor is application Leaf modulating nanosilver was at four levels (0, 10, 50 and 100 ppm). Salinity treatment started gradually with the application of low concentration of salt after establishing the plants in the pot. Nanosilver foliar spraying was applied weekly for 5 times until the flowering stage. Foliar spraying with silver nanoparticles was done in 3 stages, four leaves, full growth and flowering. Results and Discussion In this study, the application of nanosilver not only significantly improved all evaluated parameters, but also partially reduced the destructive effects in salinity conditions (50 and 100 mM), this gradual effect of nanosilver when in concentrations of 10 and 50 ppm was applied, it was more prominent. The application of nanosilver increased the ornamental characteristics of parsley, including the fresh weight of the flower (by 5.024 gr) and the time of budding and full flowering (57 and 70 days, respectively). Nanosilver in concentrations of 10 and 50 ppm increases the relative content of leaf water (8.22%), total phenol content (3.16 mg/gallic acid/gr of FW), total flavonoid content (542.5 0 mg/quercetin/ gr of FW) and potassium content of leaves (4.055%) under salinity stress conditions. Also, in this treatment, the lowest amount of leaf sodium (0.162%), ion leakage (30.36%) and malondialdehyde (0.448 µgr/gr of FW) was recorded. Researchers believe that silver nanoparticles are absorbed faster by plants due to their small size and high solubility, and therefore, by using these materials, optimal conditions for plant growth are created and any stressful conditions are prevented in the plant. Silver nanoparticles with suitable size and remarkable chemical stability remain in constant shape and size in solutions. Conclusion Based on the results observed in this study, the treatment of silver nanoparticles in concentrations of 10 and 50 ppm in the conditions of salinity stress, relative water content of leaves, potassium content of leaves, fresh and dry weight of flowers and time of budding and flowering. It increased total yield and, on the other hand, decreased ion leakage, malondialdehyde, proline, total phenol and flavonoid content, and sodium content of leaves. Therefore, it can be stated that the application of silver nanoparticles in the form of foliar spraying at levels of 10 and 50 ppm can reduce the negative effects caused by salinity stress and improve the ornamental characteristics of parsley in 25 and 50 mM of salinity stress.

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Research Paper - Biotic and Abiotic Stress

Evaluation of pear seedlings Pyrus betulifolia for tolerance to lime-induced chlorosis

Mitra Mirabdulbaghi; Hamid Abdollahi; Mahyar Tavusi; Ali Rezaei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45717.2137

Abstract

The calcareous nature of soils is considered one of the fundamental and limiting challenges in pear production. Overcoming these challenges requires the use of rootstocks that are more ... Read More The calcareous nature of soils is considered one of the fundamental and limiting challenges in pear production. Overcoming these challenges requires the use of rootstocks that are more tolerant. The P.betulifolia pear rootstock shows relatively high tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity. However, detailed and documented information on its tolerance to calcareous soils is lacking. In this study, the effects of soil substrates with lime content in the range of 15% (clay-loam texture), 20% (clay texture), 25% (loam texture), and 45% (sandy loam texture) on growth characteristics (length and width of leaves, diameter, height, and internode length) and leaf nutrient uptake (nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron, zinc, active iron, and total iron) were investigated. Additionally, the tolerance to iron chlorosis due to soil calcareousness was measured using the “Chlorosis Power Index” or CPI for both rootstocks. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. Results indicated a significant positive correlation between the “Chlorosis Power Index” and the amount of soil calcium carbonate in a regression, while a negative and significant correlation was observed with soil iron content. P.betulifolia exhibited lower sensitivity to the “Chlorosis Power Index” compared to the Pyrodwarf rootstock (control). Negative and significant regression relationships between increasing “Chlorosis Power Index” and the studied traits were not observed in the P.betulifolia rootstock. Differences in phenological and leaf greenness traits during spring observations were significant between rootstocks, specifically in the parameter of minimum and maximum chlorophyll fluorescence. Soil lime factor alone resulted in significant differences in trunk diameter. In fall observations, differences in growth traits were statistically significant between rootstocks, soil treatments, and their interaction for internode length. Leaf width and trunk height were significant in the rootstock factor. Nutrient uptake results showed the lowest leaf uptake of total iron and active iron in both rootstocks fewer than 45% lime soil (sandy loam texture). However, in 45% lime soil and the P.betulifolia rootstock, leaf uptake of total iron and active iron was approximately 7% higher than the Pyrodwarf rootstock. Differences in leaf uptake of calcium and nitrogen did not show significance due to increased calcium carbonate in the soil for both rootstocks. In the P.betulifolia rootstock, leaf uptake of calcium, potassium, and zinc was approximately 12% more, and magnesium was nearly 40% more compared to the Pyrodwarf rootstock. However, leaf uptake of nitrogen and boron was 78% and 56% higher, respectively, in the Pyrodwarf rootstock. Regarding nutrient leaf uptake and their regression relationships with the soil CPI index in P.betulifolia and Pyrodwarf rootstocks, the results showed that the Pyrodwarf rootstock had a significant decrease in leaf uptake of total iron and active iron with an increase in the CPI index, while this decrease was not significant in the P.betulifolia rootstock. The regression slopes and intercepts for growth traits between the regression curves of P.betulifolia and Pyrodwarf were homogeneous. The regression slopes for the mentioned traits in both Pyrodwarf and P.betulifolia rootstocks were below zero, indicating that the “Chlorosis Power Index” was a suitable calibration for estimating the correlation level. The superior characteristics of the P.betulifolia rootstock, compared to the Pyrodwarf rootstock, in terms of tolerance to active soil lime up to 45%, including leaf nutrient uptake such as potassium, boron, total iron, and active iron, chlorophyll content, and growth traits such as length and width of leaves, height, and trunk diameter, favored this rootstock over the Pyrodwarf rootstock.

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Research Paper

Effect of different levels of IBA and cutting positions on the rooting of greenhouse rose cv. “Cherry Brandy” (Rosa hybrida .) cuttings

Mohammad Rezq Talebi; M. matlobi; Sadollah Alizadeh; Mina Amani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44756.2121

Abstract

Introduction To evaluate the effect of different levels of IBA (0, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/L) and position of take cuttings (lower, middle and upper) on rooting of greenhouse rose cultivar ... Read More Introduction To evaluate the effect of different levels of IBA (0, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/L) and position of take cuttings (lower, middle and upper) on rooting of greenhouse rose cultivar cherry brandy. In general, this research is to determine the best level of IBA hormone for the rooting of greenhouse rose cuttings, to determine the possible effect of the possible of the cutting on the rooting rate of the cuttings, to determine the most suitable level of the hormone and the location of the cutting to produce the desired aerial part of the resulting cutting, to evaluate the best level of the hormone and determining the most suitable position for cutting is based on some physiological parameters such as the relative content of leaf water and the efficiency of maximum chlorophyll fluorescence. Materials and Methods To conduct the experiment, the mother plants were purchased from a commercial greenhouse in Bostan-Abad and transferred to the physiology laboratory. To conduct the experiment, rose cuttings with a length of 10 to 12 cm and a diameter of 2 to 3 mm were prepared, and after removing the lower leaves, at least two end leaves were left on the cutting. In this experiment, a factorial method based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The traits measured in this experiment were rooting percentage, root fresh weight, number of roots, root length, relative leaf water content and variable to maximum fluorescence ratio. Results and Discussion The results of the average data comparison showed that the highest rooting percentage of cuttings and root fresh weight were seen in the treatment of 1500 mg/L of IBA and in the cuttings of the lower and upper parts, respectively. The lowest rooting percentage of cuttings and root fresh weight were also observed in the cuttings taken from the upper of the branch without hormone application. The cuttings taken from the lower part of the branches at a concentration of 1500 mg/L of IBA had the highest number of roots, which did not show a significant difference with the middle cuttings of the branch at a concentration of 1500 mg/L and lower cuttings at a concentration of 2000 mg/L. The cuttings in the middle part produced the lowest number of roots in the control treatment. The cuttings taken from the middle and upper of the branch had the longest and shortest root length, respectively. The cuttings taken from the lower part of the branch at a concentration of 1500 mg/L and the middle part at a concentration of 2000 mg/L of hormone had the highest and lowest relative content of leaf water, respectively. The maximum variable chlorophyll fluorescence was observed in the cuttings taken from the lower part of the branch and treated with 1500 mg/L of hormone. The terminal cuttings also had the lowest variable chlorophyll fluorescence to the maximum under the absence of hormone application. Conclusion Finally, due to the fact that the concentration of 1500 mg/L and the lower cuttings had the highest percentage of rooting, root length, root fresh weight, relative leaf water content and maximum variable chlorophyll fluorescence. It should be the best type of cuttings and hormone concentration for the rooting of rose cuttings. At the highest concentration of indole butyric acid (2000 mg/L) in most cases, there was no increase in the rooting characteristics of rose cuttings compared to the concentration of 1500 mg/L.

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Research Paper - Weed Sciences

Respose of Corn Growth and Yield Characteristics to Different Rounds of Irrigation in the Soil Contains Sulfosulfuron and Mesosulfuron-methyl-iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium Herbicide Residues

Narges Saaedi; Kamal Hajmohammadnia Ghalibaf; Ali Ghanbari; Ebrahim Izadi Darbandi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44963.2126

Abstract

Introduction Maize (Zea mays L.) is an annual plant from the Poaceae family, which ranks third among crops due to its special characteristics, including a wide range of adaptation in ... Read More Introduction Maize (Zea mays L.) is an annual plant from the Poaceae family, which ranks third among crops due to its special characteristics, including a wide range of adaptation in tropical and subtropical climates. In recent years, herbicides that inhibit the action of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase and Acetolactate synthase have been widely used to control narrow leaves. One of the significant consequences of these herbicides being released into the environment is their persistence in the soil. This issue, along with the harmful effects on the activity of microorganisms and stability in the soil ecosystem, poses a serious threat to crop rotation, as their gradual leaching and runoff can lead to underground and surface water pollution. Materials and Methods This experiment aimed to investigate the residual effect of Acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides on some growth and yield characteristics of corn in different rounds of irrigation was conducted at Shadid Beheshti of Andimshek Agro-industrial Company in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022. The Acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides used in wheat were Mesosulfuron-methyl-iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium herbicide (Atlantis, OD 1.2%, 1.5 L.ha-1), Sulfosulfuron herbicide (Apirus, WG 75%, 26.6 g.ha-1), weedy check, and weed-free check as main-plot and different rounds of irrigation (one, two, three, and four rounds between wheat harvest to corn sowing) as sub plot were examined using a split-plot design with randomized complete block design with four replications. The investigated traits included plant length, number of leaves, ear length, ear diameter, number of rows per ear, number of seeds per row, 100 seeds weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, and herbicide carryover in the soil. Results and Discussion The analysis of variance revealed that the application of herbicide and irrigation rounds significantly affected the assessed traits of corn. The highest values for plant length, number of leaves, ear length, ear diameter, number of rows per ear, number of seeds per row, 100 seeds weight, seed yield, and biological yield were observed in the weed-free check with four rounds of irrigation. The weedy check with one round of irrigation had the lowest values for these traits. Increasing the irrigation rounds reduced the negative effect of Acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides on corn plants, and Mesosulfuron-methyl-iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium herbicide demonstrated a more destructive effect compared to Sulfosulfuron herbicide. Examination of herbicide carryover in the soil indicated higher residues of Mesosulfuron-methyl-iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium herbicide compared to Sulfosulfuron herbicide, resulting in a more detrimental impact on corn plants. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, Sulfosulfuron herbicide, with better weed control in corn fields and lower soil stability, had a less negative effect on corn plants compared to Mesosulfuron-methyl-iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium herbicide. The findings from the two years of testing supported this conclusion. Additionally, it was observed that increasing soil moisture through more rounds of irrigation reduced herbicide carryover in the soil and consequently minimized their negative effects on corn plants. Therefore, based on the results of this experiment, it seems that in the rotation of wheat-corn, the use of Sulfosulfuron herbicide in wheat cultivation to control weeds, as well as the implementation of a more round irrigation method for corn, can lead to a better corn yield compared to the use of Mesosulfuron-methyl-iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium herbicide.

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Research Paper

Effect of foliar application of amino acids on some physiological processes of oil rapeseed (Brassica Napus L.) under late-season drought stress conditions

Esmaeil Fayaz; ALI SOROOSHZADEH; Ali Heidarzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45873.2138

Abstract

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most valuable oilseed plants cultivated in the world. Cultivation of this plant as the third source of oil production is expanding due to ... Read More Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most valuable oilseed plants cultivated in the world. Cultivation of this plant as the third source of oil production is expanding due to its nutritional and economic advantages. However, due to Iran's arid and semi-arid climate, the cultivation of this plant is affected by water deficit stress at the end of the season. Various methods are used to reduce the adverse effects of drought stress and increase plant tolerance. One of these methods is using biological stimulants such as amino acids. These compounds are able to stimulate plant growth and development under optimal conditions and stress. Amino acids have a direct and indirect role in physiological metabolism, exchange, and structural activities, such as increasing the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and the rate of photosynthesis and protein synthesis under stress conditions. Considering the importance of oil production in the country and the important role of rapeseed in oil production, as well as the problems of water scarcity in the reproductive growth stages of rapeseed, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of amino acids on the physiological parameters of rapeseed in the condition of interruption of irrigation at the end of the season. Materials and methods This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of amino acids on the physiological characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic pigments of oilseed rape under withholding irrigation at the end of the season (reproductive growth stage) as factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University, during the 1401-02 growing season. The investigated factors were three levels of irrigation (full irrigation during the season, withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage, withholding irrigation from pod forming) and five levels of foliar spraying (no foliar spraying, zero foliar spraying (distilled water), one, two and three grams of amino acids per liter) in stem elongation, flower-bud emergence, and flowering stages. The experimental plots included four planting rows and three meters in length. In the field, one week after the last foliar spraying, photosynthetic and transpiration rates and various fluorescence parameters were measured using a portable gas exchange and Mini-PAM device, respectively. Moreover, pigments (including chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid) in the fresh plant samples were determined in the laboratory. After ensuring the normality of the data, statistical analysis was performed using SAS software (version 4.9.) to compare the average data. The LSD test was used at the five percent level. Results All physiological and biochemical traits were affected by water deficit stress (withholding irrigation), which caused a significant decrease in characteristics, such as maximum photosystem efficiency, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and photosynthetic pigments. However, foliar application of amino acids reduced the adverse effect of drought stress. The results showed photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration and Intercellular CO2/ambient CO2, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were significantly affected by the interaction of drought stress and foliar spraying of amino acid. The highest photosynthesis rate (12.27 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1), stomatal conductance (0.153 mol H2O m-2 s-1), transpiration rate (1.33 mmol H2O m-2 s-1), chlorophyll b (832 0.0 mg.g-1FW) and carotenoid (0.812 m mg.g-1FW) were obtained by the foliar treatment of two grams of amino acids per liter, while the chlorophyll a (2.03 mg.g-1FW) and Fv/Fm (0.832) were obtained by spraying with one gram of amino acids per liter. Conclusion According to the results, the most positive effect of the foliar application of amino acids on the studied traits was two grams per liter of water. On the other hand, improving these traits directly affects seed yield. Therefore, considering the direct effect of these traits in improving seed yield, foliar spraying of two grams of amino acids per liter is recommended to improve the physiological and biochemical characteristics of rapeseed in all three irrigation regimes (full irrigation, interruption of irrigation from the flowering and budding stage).

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Research Paper - Plant Breeding

Introduction and evaluation of agronomic features of commercial non-shattering (indehiscent) sesame cultivars named Barkat, Mohajer, Chamran and Dezful

Mohammad reza Siahpoosh; Leila Nejadsadeghi; Mohammad Sina Siahpoosh; saman sheidaie; Enayat Rezvani; Hossein Sadeghi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46295.2149

Abstract

Introduction: Sesame is one of the most important oil plants in the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions and is known as the queen of oil seeds. The high percentage of oil ... Read More Introduction: Sesame is one of the most important oil plants in the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions and is known as the queen of oil seeds. The high percentage of oil with the combination of suitable fatty acids, medicinal properties and very low water requirement are the characteristics of this oil plant. The main challenge for the lack of development of sesame cultivation all over the world is seed shattering at the time of ripening. Many efforts have been made to obtain non-shattering sesame cultivars with the characteristics of indehiscent capsule at ripening stage and resistance to seed drop. In this article, we introduce and evaluate the agronomic characteristics of new indehiscent sesame cultivars named Barkat, Mohajer, Chamran and Dezful. Material and Methods: Indehiscent sesame cultivars with the proposed names of Barkat, Mohajer, Chamran and Dezful have been improved during a breeding program at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in collaboration with Shahid Rajaei Agriculture Company. For registration and commercialization, these cultivars were subjected to Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) tests and agricultural Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) experiments under the supervision of the Seed & Plant Certification and Registration Research Institute during the two cropping years 1400-1401 and 1402-1401. In these experiments, new indehiscent sesame cultivars along with commercial cultivars of dehiscent sesame named Oltan, Sardar and Shovin as control cultivars were evaluated in four regions with different climatic conditions of Iran, including Dezful, Darab, Mughan and Gorgan in the frame of complete blocks design with four replications. In addition, the mechanized cultivation of four promising indehiscent sesame lines was performed separately in 100-hectare fields in the Dezful region, and harvesting was done with a combine harvester. Results and Discussion: The highest plant height was obtained in Barkat with an average of 144 cm and the lowest in Chamran with 140 cm. The highest number of capsules per plant, with an average of 89.8 and the highest number of seeds per capsule, with an average of 72.3, was observed in the Mohajer. The thousand-seed weight was reported between 2.41 and 3.72 g in Dezful and Mohajer respectively. A significant difference (P≤0.01) was observed in the group comparison between indehiscent and dehiscent (control) sesame cultivars, whilst dehiscent cultivars with an average of 1.05 tons per hectare were completely superior to the control cultivars with 0.80 tons per hectare. The highest average seed yield of cultivars in different regions during two years of experiment was obtained with 1.08 tons per hectare in Barkat and Mohajer cultivars. In the mechanized harvesting of indehiscent sesame cultivars with a combine harvester, the amount of seed loss was estimated to be less than 2.8%. The evaluation of morphological traits showed that indehiscent sesame cultivars had indeterminate growth habits and could produce 1-6 sub-branches per plant depending on the genotype and plant density. The superiority of seed yield for all indehiscent sesame cultivars was observed in compare with the control cultivars. The indehiscent sesame cultivars had appropriate agronomic features and could increasing about 24% seed yield in compare to control cultivars. This issue promises a significant increase in sesame production in the country. Conclusion: Finally, Barkat, Mohajer, Chamran and Dezful sesame cultivars were introduced as the first cultivars with resistance to seed shattering during ripening in the country. In addition to the higher seed yield of these cultivars in compare to the control cultivars, because of having the gene of shattering resistance, these cultivars are able to be harvested using a combine harvester in the mechanized systems at the time of full ripening. Ultimately, the widespread use of these cultivars in the agricultural cultivation pattern of the country promises food security in oil production and water consumption reduction in the stressful season of summer.

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Research Paper - Modeling

Simulating response of lentil cultivars to sowing date and initial soil moisture in Lorestan province

Mojtaba Koohro; Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam; khosro Azizi; Saeid Heidari; Seyed Reza Amiri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45041.2127

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Lentil is recognized as one of important legumes due to its favourable characteristics. The lintile production, like to other crops has been influenced by three ... Read More Abstract Introduction Lentil is recognized as one of important legumes due to its favourable characteristics. The lintile production, like to other crops has been influenced by three factors: management, genetics, and environment. Improving crop production can be achieved by optimizing these factors. Thus, paying attention to the above-mentioned factors can reduce the severe climatic effects on crop production. Among the above-mentioned factors, management strategies e.g., optimal sowing date and using the optimal cultivar are considered to improve crop production. Initial soil moisture, which can affect crop germination, establishment and ultimately growth and yield, is another important strategy. Accordingly, the current research was conducted in order to simulate the effects of cultivar, sowing date, and initial soil moisture on lentil grian yield in different locations of Lorestan province. Materials and Methods The study locations were Aligudarz, Nurabad, KhorramAbad, and Kuhdasht. Simple Simulation Models-iCrop2 (SSM-iCrop2) was used to simulate the lentil growth and development. The data required to run model included climatic, soil, management, and crop data. Daily long-term climatic data including maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall, and radiation were collected from Iran Meteorological Organization The crop data e.g., the specific genetic coefficients of each cultivar were obtained form Amiri and Deihimfard (2018). The study treatments consisted of four sowing dates (21 January, 12 February, 4 March, and 30 April), two cultivars (early-maturity and late-maturity) and four initial soil moisture (32, 36, 42, and 58 mm). The model was run for 41 years (1980-2020). Initial soil water contents and sowing dates were obtained from a preliminary simulation experiment. Results and Discussion Averaged across all treatments, the highest grain yield was obtained at KhorramAbad (388 kg ha-1) due to higher rainfall during the growing season. In addition, the grain yield difference among the sowing dates ranged from kg ha-1 on 30 April to 364 kg ha-1 on 21 January. The reason for the higher grain yield on 21 January sowing date was the higher cumulative rainfall season (149.3 mm vs. 99.2 mm) and the lower mean temperature (22.9 °C vs. 23.9 °C) during the growing season compared to other sowing dates. Across locations, sowing dates, and cultivars, the highest grain yield (263 kg ha-1) was simulated under initial soil moisture of 58 mm. Also, on average across sowing dates, initial soil moisture contents, and locations, the early-maturity cultivar simulated more grain yield than late-maturity cultivar (405 kg ha-1 vs. 63 kg ha-1) due to the avoidance of drought stress at the end of the growing season. Considering different interactions, on average across locations, the highest grain yield was simulated by 704 kg ha-1 in the combination of early-maturity cultivar, early sowing date (21 January), and initial soil moisture of 58 mm. Conclusion In general, the results indicated that the lentil grain yield varied among the various study treatments (sowing date, cultivar, and initial soil moisture) as well as different locations of Lorestan province. Lentil growers can increase the lentil production in Lorestan province and study locations by using the interaction of early planting date (21 January)  early-maturity cultivar (Kimia)  higher initial soil moisture (58 mm). It should be noted that the current research was conducted under water-limited condition and it is suggested that researchers focus on other limitimg and reducing factors in the future studies.

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Research Paper - Medicinal Aromatic Plants

The effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and putrescine on essential oil yield and composition of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)

Saeideh Alizadeh-salteh; Somayeh Najjarzadeh; jaber panahandeh; ghasem eghlima

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45206.2129

Abstract

Extended Abstract Introduction Secondary metabolites have a complex structure which should be produced by chemical bio-synthesis, therefor they are mostly extracted from wild or cultivated ... Read More Extended Abstract Introduction Secondary metabolites have a complex structure which should be produced by chemical bio-synthesis, therefor they are mostly extracted from wild or cultivated plants. The essences are natural, complex and volatile secondary metabolites which are mostly obtained from aromatic plants through the method of distillation with water. Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is an herbaceous and perennial plant belonging to Lamiaceae family. It is also a natural hybrid from M. aquatica and M. spicata. Peppermint is widely cultivated in temperate regions of Europe, Asia, America, India and Mediterranean countries due to its commercial value and unique odor. Materials & Methods In order to investigate the influence of putrescine treatment at three levels including 0, 0.1 and 1 mM, and salicylic acid treatment at three levels including 0, 0.1 and 1 mM, on yield performance and essence components of peppermint, a field factorial experiment was performed based on complete blocks design with three replications at Research Station of Tabriz University during 2019. Peppermint seedling were prepared from Agricultural Jihad Organization of Bostan Abad and cultivated at a distance of 30×30 cm. Foliar application of salicylic acid and putrescine was carried out twice during vegetative stage of plants (with one week interval). Harvesting and bio-chemical assessments were done at stage of 25 % flowering. The essential oil of peppermint was assessed to identify its main components. Results & Discussion The results of the current study showed that the average yield of essential oil in plants treated with 1 mM salicylic acid significantly increased compared to the control. A total of 24 compounds were identified in the essential oil of peppermint aerial parts, and the main components of the essential oil included menthone, menthol, L-menthol and 8,1-cineole. Menthone and menthol constituted 26.14 and 23.21 % of essential oil, respectively. Different concentrations of salicylic acid and putrescine increased the production rate of menthone, menthol, l-menthol and methyl acetate compounds in the essential oil compared to the control. The concentration of 1 mM salicylic acid had the greatest effect on the production of essential oil compounds. The correlation results between essential oil compounds showed that menthone has a positive and significant correlation with methyl acetate. Similarly, foliar application of salicylic acid (10 mM) and indole-3-acetic acid (1.5 mg L-1) increased the content of main component of peppermint and lemonbalm. In the other study, foliar application of lemonbalm plants with salicylic acid and putrescine caused a considerable increase in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes content which was in line with obtained results of the present study. Conclusion The plant growth regulators used in this research increased the yield and composition of the essential oil of aerial parts of peppermint, which shows that both salicylic acid and putrescine have a high potential in increasing the potency and chemical composition of the essential oil in the peppermint plant and probably in other aromatic crops. Therefore, foliar application of salicylic acid and putrescine during vegetative growth of peppermint could be introduced as influential technique to improve qualitative and quantitative characteristics of this aromatic and medicinal plant.

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Research Paper

Antioxidative and pigment response of Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) to Zinc oxide and Cerium dioxide nano elicitors

Hadiseh Sadeghi; Jafar Ahmadi; Farhad Habibzadeh; Sedigheh Fabriki Ourang

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44522.2119

Abstract

Introduction Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) is a perennial and woody shrub that grows in different regions of Iran and the world. The Berberidaceae family has a high potential ... Read More Introduction Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) is a perennial and woody shrub that grows in different regions of Iran and the world. The Berberidaceae family has a high potential in food and pharmaceutical industries due to its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Elicitors are biotic or abiotic stimulators can induce responses in plants. Abiotic elicitors are used to increase secondary metabolites in plants. Nanoparticles have minimum dimensions between one and 100 nanometers, which have specific physical and chemical properties. Like many nanoparticles, zinc oxide and cerium dioxide nanoparticles are toxic to living organisms. The mechanism of toxicity of nanoparticles is generally caused by the induction of oxidative stress caused by the formation of free radicals. Nanoparticles of zinc oxide and cerium dioxide can increase the antioxidant capacity of plants by stimulating oxidative stress. Material and methods In order to study the changes in the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Japanese barberry under the influence of abiotic elicitors, an experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design in the greenhouse and laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Imam Khomeini International University in 2019. Treatments including zinc oxide elicitors (0.1 g/L) and cerium dioxide nanoparticles (0.0002 g/L) and control (no elicitor) were investigated in three replicates. In this research, the amounts of protein, antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic pigments in tissues of Japanese barberry were extracted and measured. Data analysis was done with SAS 9.1.3 statistical software. Comparison of means was done with Duncan's multiple range test and graphs were drawn using Excel software. Results and Discussion The results of the data analysis of variance showed that the effect of treatment with cerium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticle elicitors on the amount of leaf protein, antioxidant activity and also the amount of photosynthetic pigments was significant. Comparison of the means showed that these two elicitors increased the leaf protein content by 26.2% and 12.4%, respectively, compared to the control, but they did not have a significant effect on the root protein content. Cerium dioxide decreased the activity of guaiacol peroxidase enzyme by 77.1% in the root; But in leaves, the activity of this enzyme increased by 134.8% due to treatment with zinc oxide. The highest activity of leaf superoxide dismutase enzyme (25.2% increase compared to control) was related to zinc oxide treatment. The lowest content of catalase enzyme in leaves and roots was obtained with cerium dioxide and zinc oxide. Zinc oxide increased the activity of leaf ascorbate peroxidase enzyme by 111.8%; In the root, the highest and lowest activity levels of this enzyme were obtained from the control and cerium dioxide treatments, respectively. Both elicitors significantly increased the leaf peroxidase enzyme activity compared to the control (128.6% and 157.1%, respectively); However, only the treatment with zinc oxide caused a significant increase of 25.5% in the activity of this enzyme in the root. The highest activity of glutathione reductase enzyme in leaf and root was observed in zinc oxide treatment (23.3% and 12.5% increase compared to control). Nano zinc oxide increased the amount of total chlorophyll and carotenoid in the leaves compared to the control by 93.4 and 67.5%, respectively. Conclusion It was concluded that zinc oxide nanoparticles elicitor had the greatest effect in increasing the amount of photosynthetic pigments and enzyme activity. By using this elicitor in Japanese barberry culture, the amount of antioxidant enzymes can be increased and the extract can be used as a strong antioxidant in pharmaceutical products.

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Research Paper - Weed Sciences

Investigating integrated weed management on yield and yield components and qualitative traits of Canola in rotation with Maize

Negar Atashbar; Ali Monsefi; Esfandiar Fateh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.43934.2106

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Conservation tillage practices and the presence of crop residues on the soil surface have a positive effect on the yield of crops by reducing the germination and ... Read More Abstract Introduction Conservation tillage practices and the presence of crop residues on the soil surface have a positive effect on the yield of crops by reducing the germination and establishment of weeds during crop growth. The presence of weeds is one of the most important factors that reduce agricultural products in the world and it leads to a large reduction in the yield of agricultural products. Weeds, as one of the effective limiting factors for canola cultivation, cause a decrease in the yield of canola due to the competition in absorbing the environmental resources of growth such as nutrients, radiation and water. On the other hand, mixing weed seeds with canola reduces the quality of its oil. Therefore, this experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the integrated management of weeds and alternating plowing on the yield and some agricultural characteristics of canola in the conditions of Ahvaz. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of sequential tillage and weed management, research was conducted in the year 2021-2022 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz. The lay out of this research was an experimental design of split plots in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main factor of tillage in three levels: 1) zero tillage-zero tillage, 2) reduce tillage-conventional tillage and 3) Conventional tillage-zero tillage and the sub-plot of weed control in six levels: 1) control, 2) hand weeding, 3) cycloxidem herbicide 2 liters per hectare in installments of 15 and 30 days after sowing, 4) cycloxidem herbicide 2 liters per hectare at 30 days after sowing, 5) crop residues as surface mulch (maize @ 5 tone per hectare) and 6) crap residues + cycloxidem herbicide was 1.5 liters per hectare at 30 days after sowing. Statistical analysis of data was done using SAS software and comparison of averages with LSD method. Results and Discussion The results of the experiment showed that the highest Seed number per Silique, the highest seed yield, the highest biological yield and the percentage of oil in the treatment were related to the mutual effects of conventional tillage and manual weeding. The highest Silique number per plant and the weight of 1000 seeds were in the conditions of conventional tillage and the application of 2 liters of herbicide per hectare in installments. The highest rate of harvest index was obtained with (26.80) percent in the condition without tillage and the application of 2 liters of Cycloxidum herbicide per hectare in installments. Conclusion The use of conventional tillage and the use of cycloxidum herbicide 2 liters per hectare in division along with manual weeding can be effective in controlling weeds and increasing crop yield. In other hand the use of integrated management of weeds and the use of an effective combination of different methods of weed control with sequential tillage, which is effective in terms of society and the environment, and can also reduce the damage caused by weeds and burning of residue.

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